Is Drop shipping business permissible?

by Mufti Faisal
10 minutes read

Question:

I am planning to start a drop shipping business on a well-known e-commerce platform. The business will have both drop shipping and traditional online shipping (I.e., from stock that I/seller have already purchased wholesale). I recently read your fatwa # 19530 on askimam and I have 2 questions.

(1) Violating the terms of service/policy of the e-commerce platform – Performing drop shipping on the e-commerce platform violates their terms of service/policy for sellers. Does that make the income from such drop shipping haram ?

(2)Salam Contract with buyer- In addition to including the complete product description and estimated delivery window, does including the below statement (on my/seller page or FAQs) sufficiently satisfy the requirements of a salam contract/make drop shipping permissible ? โ€œ In some cases, we might not have the product you ordered in stock. In those cases, once you have placed your order, we will coordinate with other third-party merchants to fulfill that order โ€

Answer:

In the Name of Allฤh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

As-salฤmu สฟalaykum wa-raแธฅmatullฤhi wa-barakฤtuh.

 

1. As Muslims, we have been commanded to follow the highest ethical standards. Allฤh ๏ทป orders us:

ูŠูŽุง ุฃูŽูŠู‘ูู‡ูŽุง ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠู†ูŽ ุขู…ูŽู†ููˆุง ุฃูŽูˆู’ูููˆุง ุจูุงู„ู’ุนูู‚ููˆุฏู (ุณูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฏุฉ: ูก)

โ€œO you who believe! Fulfill your obligations.โ€ (5:1)

Rasลซlullฤh ๏ทบ tells us that a Muslim must fulfill their agreements as long as it is not one making the แธฅarฤm แธฅalฤl or vice versa.[1]

Keeping these warnings from Allฤh ๏ทป and His Messenger ๏ทบ in mind, a Muslim must always live up to his agreements. It is sinful to go against the terms of the e-commerce platform. Their laws are not oppressive, and you are free to join another platform if this particular one does not suit your business model. We do not condone violating the terms of the platform in any way.

That being said, despite being sinful in violating the terms of conditions, the money itself will be แธฅalฤl.[2] However, sin will be incurred in earning the money in this manner, and thus, the barakah in the money will be affected.

2. Along with a complete product description and estimated delivery window, the statement, โ€œIn some cases, we might not have the product you ordered in stock. In those cases, once you have placed your order, we will coordinate with other third-party merchants to fulfill that orderโ€ is sufficient for a valid salam/parallel salam agreement if the following conditions are also met:

a. You verify that each product that salam/parallel salam may apply to actually meets the conditions of a valid salam commodity. These conditions are listed in the appended dropshipping guide.

b. All conditions and ambiguities have been addressed. This will require you to check on each product from time to time to make sure that it still fulfills the conditions of a valid salam commodity. For example, ensuring that the product is still available in the market from multiple sellers, etc.

For your convenience, we have appended a guide on a permissible form of dropshipping below.

Dropshipping

In principle, it is not permissible to sell something before one owns or has possession of it.[3] However, with some modifications, the transaction can be made permissible. It must be structured as a salam (pre-paid) transaction.[4]

In a salam transaction, the customer gives the money up front to the retailer and receives the item at a specified date. The following conditions are necessary for the salam transaction to be valid:[5]

  1. The entire price must be paid upfront.
  2. The item being sold is an interchangeable product i.e., mass produced (in terms of manufactured goods) and indistinguishable from other products of the same type (eggs, wheat, rice, smartphones, etc.)
  3. The delivery date and place are specified. In the case of shipping, the latest possible date should be specified. If the product arrives earlier, the agreement will be considered fulfilled.
  4. The specifications of the product should be clearly explained in a way that removes any ambiguity or potential for conflict.
  5. The product must remain on the market from the time of the payment until the time of delivery.

If these requirements are met, the retailer will then purchase the item from the supplier and have them ship it to the customer. There are two possibilities for the salam transaction:

  1. The supplier already has the item in stock: In this case, if the retailer provides their packaging to the supplier and the supplier places the item in the packaging before shipping it to the customer, it will constitute the retailer taking possession of the item. The transaction would be permissible.[6]
  2. The supplier makes the item after receiving the order from the retailer: In this case, there are parallel salam transactions โ€“ one between the customer and retailer, and another between the retailer and the supplier. In this case, the item being manufactured does not directly entail ownership for the retailer. It merely gives them the right to receive the item.

To gain ownership of the item, which would in turn make the transaction between the retailer and customer valid, the retailer must appoint a wakฤซl (representative) to take possession of the product.[7] Practically speaking, it may be difficult for an online retailer to appoint an individual as their wakฤซl in a foreign country.ย  In this case, the retailer can make the shipping company their wakฤซl (representative) to take possession of the product. This can be done by entering a commercial shipping contract with a shipping company and then informing the supplier that the retailer will be responsible for arranging the shipping of the product.

Note 1: ย The supplier arranging shipping and then billing the retailer is not sufficient to transfer ownership. For the wakฤlah to be valid, a contractual relationship must be formed between the retailer and the shipping company.[8]

Note 2: There must be a statement on the website that the seller does not have possession of the items. They will be secured and shipped out after the customers pay.

Summary: For drop shipping to be permissible, it must be determined if the supplier already has the item in stock or if it will be made after being contacted by the retailer.

If the supplier already has the product in stock, the transaction will be permissible if the retailer does one of the following:

  1. Send a wakฤซl to take possession of the product.
  2. Provide packaging for the supplier to put the product into and then mail out to the customer.

If the product has yet to be made, the transaction will only be permissible if the retailer appoints a wakฤซl to take possession of the product. The wakฤซl can be:

  1. A person
  2. The shipping company provided that the retailer enters into a contract with them authorizing them to take possession of the item from the supplier and to ship it to the customer.

And Allฤh Taสฟฤlฤ Knows Best

Muftฤซ Mohammed Wahaajuddin
Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA

Checked and Approved by:

Muftฤซ Faisal bin Abdul Hamฤซd al-Mahmลซdฤซ
Darul Iftaa Canada, Edmonton

www.fatwa.ca

 

[1] ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฑูˆุทู‡ู… ุฅู„ุง ุดุฑุทุง ุญุฑู… ุญู„ุงู„ุงู‹ ุฃูˆ ุญู„ ุญุฑุงู…ุงู‹ (ุฑูˆุงู‡ ุงู„ุชุฑู…ุฐูŠ)ย 

[2] ุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุญุชุงุฑุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ู…ู„ุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ุŒ ุฌูกูฅ ุตูงูกูฅ-ูงูกูฆุŒ ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุงุซ
ุฃุดุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุชุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ูุงุณุฏ ู…ุน ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุญูƒู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุดุฑุนูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฅุซู…ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฏูˆู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุตุญุชู‡ ูˆุนุฏู… ูุณุงุฏู‡ุ› ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ู‡ูŠ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑ ู„ู„ุจูŠุน ู„ุง ููŠ ุตู„ุจู‡ ูˆู„ุง ููŠ ุดุฑุงุฆุท ุตุญุชู‡ุŒ ูˆู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุจ ุงู„ูุณุงุฏ ุจู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑุงู‡ูŠุฉ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฑ. ูˆููŠู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฌุจ ูุณุฎู‡ ูˆูŠู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุน ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ุซู…ู† ู„ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ. ุงู‡ู€

ูู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ุงู„ุจุงุจ ุงู„ุณุงุฏุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ุŒ ุตูฉูจูกุŒ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ู…ุนุงุฑู ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู†
ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡: ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑุงุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ู‡ู‰ ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ุดุงุฑุน ู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุนู† ุตู„ุจ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ. ูˆุญูƒู…ู‡ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุญู†ููŠุฉ ุฃู† ุนุงู‚ุฏุง ูŠุฃุซู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุจูŠุน ู†ุงูุฐ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅุซู…. ูˆุงู„ูƒุฑุงู‡ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุชุญุฑูŠู…ูŠุฉ

[3] ุงู„ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ุฌูก ุตูขูฅูง-ูขูฅูจุŒ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑูŠุฉ
(ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ) ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ๏ทบ ยซู†ู‡ู‰ ุนู† ุจูŠุน ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠู‚ุจุถยป ุŒ ูˆู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนุณุงู‡ ูŠู‡ู„ูƒ ููŠู†ูุณุฎ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ููŠูƒูˆู† ุบุฑุฑุงุŒ ูˆูƒุฐุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠู†ูุณุฎ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุจู‡ู„ุงูƒู‡ ูƒุจุฏู„ ุงู„ุตู„ุญ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฌุงุฑุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง

[4]ุงู„ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ุฌูก ุตูขูฉู -ูขูฉูกุŒ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑูŠุฉ
ู‡ูˆ ุนู‚ุฏ ุดุฑุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฎู„ุงู ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุนุฏูˆู…ุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ุง ุชุฑูƒู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุจุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงุนุ› ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ูู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ู‰: {ูŠุง ุฃูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุขู…ู†ูˆุง ุฅุฐุง ุชุฏุงูŠู†ุชู… ุจุฏูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฌู„ ู…ุณู…ู‰ ูุงูƒุชุจูˆู‡}ย  ู‚ุงู„ ุงุจู† ุนุจุงุณ: ุฃุดู‡ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ุณู„ู… ูˆุฃู†ุฒู„ ููŠู‡ ุฃุทูˆู„ ุขูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจู‡ ูˆุชู„ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขูŠุฉ. ูˆุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ๏ทบ: ยซู…ู† ุฃุณู„ู… ู…ู†ูƒู… ูู„ูŠุณู„ู… ููŠ ูƒูŠู„ ู…ุนู„ูˆู… ูˆูˆุฒู† ู…ุนู„ูˆู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฌู„ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ยป ูˆุฑูˆูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ๏ทบ ยซู†ู‡ู‰ ุนู† ุจูŠุน ู…ุง ู„ูŠุณ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ยป ูˆุฑุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ู… ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฌู…ุงุน… ู‚ุงู„: (ูˆุดุฑุงุฆุทู‡ ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูˆุงู„ู†ูˆุน ูˆุงู„ูˆุตู ูˆุงู„ุฃุฌู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ูˆู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฅูŠูุงุก ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ุญู…ู„ ูˆู…ุคูˆู†ุฉุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏุฑ ุฑุฃุณ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุฒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฏูˆุฏุŒ ูˆู‚ุจุถ ุฑุฃุณ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูุงุฑู‚ุฉ) ู„ุฃู† ุจุฐูƒุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชู†ูู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงู„ุฉ ูˆุชู‚ุทุน ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒุนุฉุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุนุฏู…ู‡ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู… ููŠู‡ ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุง ูุชูุถูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒุนุฉ.

[5] ู…ุฎุชุตุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูˆุฑูŠุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ุจุงุจ ุงู„ุณู„ู…ุŒ ุตูขูฉูฃ-ูขูฉูฅุŒ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑู‰ุŒ ุงู„ุทุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ
ุงู„ุณู„ู… ุฌุงุฆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒูŠู„ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุฒูˆู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฏูˆุฏุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุชูุงูˆุช… ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุงู„ุณู„ู… ุญุชู‰ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู… ููŠู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุง ู…ู† ุญูŠู† ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุตุญ ุงู„ุณู„ู… ุฅู„ุง ู…ุคุฌู„ุง ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุฅู„ุง ุจุฃุฌู„ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…… ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฃู…ูƒู† ุถุจุท ุตูุชู‡ ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุงู‡ ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ุณู„ู… ููŠู‡ ูˆู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุถุจุท ุตูุชู‡ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุนุฑู ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุงู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุงู„ุณู„ู… ููŠู‡

[6]ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงู„ุตู†ุงุฆุนุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ุจูŠุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ู‚ุงุจุถุงู‹ุŒ ุฌูฅ ุตูขูฃูฆุŒ ุณุนูŠุฏ
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูˆ ูุนู„ ุงู„ุจุงุฆุน ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠุ› ู„ุฃู† ูุนู„ู‡ ุจุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ุจู…ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ูุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ุจู†ูุณู‡

ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุน ูˆุงู„ุณู„ุงู…ุŒ ุฌูฅ ุตูฃูฅ-ูฃูฆุŒ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูƒุชุจ
ูˆู‚ุงู„ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุฃุจูˆ ุญู†ูŠูุฉ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ุฑุฌู„ุง ุงุดุชุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุฑุฌู„ ุทุนุงู…ุง ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุฑ ุซู… ุฏูุน ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุบุฑุงุฆุฑ ูุฃู…ุฑู‡ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูŠู„ู‡ ููŠู‡ุง ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ุจุญุงุถุฑ ููุนู„ ุงู†ู‡ ู‚ุจุถ ูˆู„ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุจูŠุนู‡ ูˆู„ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงุดุชุฑุงู‡ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุณู„ู… ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ููŠู‡ ูุฏูุน ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุบุฑุงุฆุฑ ูŠูƒูŠู„ู‡ ููŠู‡ุง ููƒุงู„ู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุบุงุฆุจ ุนู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‚ุจุถุง ูˆู„ู… ูŠุฌุฒ ูˆูุฑู‚ ู…ุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุฃู„ุง ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุงุดุชุฑุงู‡ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู‡ ูุฅุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑู‡ ุจูƒูŠู„ู‡ ููŠ ุบุฑุงุฆุฑู‡ ููƒุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุทุญู†ู‡ ููŠุฌูˆุฒ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุจุถุง ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุดูŠุก ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ูŠู…ู„ูƒู‡ ุฃุญุฏุซ ููŠู‡ ุนู…ู„ุง ุจุฃู…ุฑู‡ ูุตุงุฑ ู‚ุงุจุถุง ูˆุงู„ุณู„ู… ุฏูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒู‡ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ ูุฃู…ุง ู…ุง ุทุญู†ู‡ ูˆูƒุงู„ู‡ ูู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุจุถุง ู…ู† ุญู†ุทู‡ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ู… ูˆู‡ู…ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุงู†

ุงู„ุฃุดุจุงู‡ ูˆุงู„ู†ุธุงุฆุฑุŒ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชุงุจุน ุชุงุจุนุŒ ุฌูก ุตูฃูขูงุŒ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ูˆุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุทุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ

ูจูขูฃ- ูˆู…ู†ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุดุฑู‰ ูƒุฑูŠุฑ ุนูŠู†ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ุงู„ุจุงุฆุน ุจู‚ุจุถู‡ ู„ู„ู…ุดุชุฑู‰ ู„ู… ูŠุตุญุŒ ูˆู„ูˆ ุฏูุน ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุบุฑุงุฑุฉ ูˆุฃู…ุฑู‡ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูŠู„ู‡ ููŠู‡ุง ุตุญ ุฅุฐ ุงู„ุจุงุฆุน ู„ุง ูŠุตู„ุญุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู„ุง ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ู‚ุตุฏุงุŒ ูˆูŠุตู„ุญ ุถู…ู†ุงุŒ ูˆุญูƒู…ุงุ› ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุบุฑุงุฑุฉ

[7] ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงู„ุตู†ุงุฆุนุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ุจูŠุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ู‚ุงุจุถุงู‹ุŒ ุฌูฅ ุตูขูฃูฆุŒ ุณุนูŠุฏ
ูˆุฅุฐุง ู‚ุจุถ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ูŠุจุฑุฃ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุตุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุจูˆุถ ู…ู„ูƒุงู‹ ู„ุตุงุญุจ ุงู„ุฏูŠู† (ุชุญูุฉ ุงู„ูู‚ู‡ุงุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉุŒ ุตูฅูกูกุŒ ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ููƒุฑ) ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆุน: ูˆูŠุฌูˆุฒ ุงู„ุชูˆูƒูŠู„ ุจู‚ุจุถ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุ› ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชูŠูุงุก ุจู†ูุณู‡ ููŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููˆูŠุถ ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑู‡ ูƒุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุจุงู„ุจูŠุน ูˆุงู„ุดุฑุงุก ูˆุณุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุชุตุฑูุงุช… ูˆุฅุฐุง ู‚ุจุถ ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฑูŠู… ุจุฑุฆ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠู…ุ› ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ูŠูˆุฌุจ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุกุฉ

[8]ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงู„ุตู†ุงุฆุนุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ุจูŠุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ู‚ุงุจุถุงู‹ุŒ ุฌูฅ ุตูขูฃูฆุŒ ุณุนูŠุฏ
ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃุนุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุน ู„ู„ุจุงุฆุนุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆุฏุนู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุขุฌุฑู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุจุถุงุ› ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุตุฑูุงุช ู„ู… ุชุตุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠุ› ู„ุฃู† ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุจุณ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุตุงู„ุฉ ุซุงุจุชุฉ ู„ู„ุจุงุฆุน ูู„ุง ูŠุชุตูˆุฑ ุฅุซุจุงุช ูŠุฏ ุงู„ู†ูŠุงุจุฉ ู„ู‡ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุตุฑูุงุช ูู„ู… ุชุตุญุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุญู‚ุช ุจุงู„ุนุฏู… ุจู†ูุณู‡ (ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงู„ุตู†ุงุฆุนุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆุนุŒ ูˆุฃู…ุง ุจูŠุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุง ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠ ู‚ุงุจุถุงู‹ุŒ ูฅ/ูขูฃูฆุŒ ุณุนูŠุฏ)

ุจุฏุงุฆุน ุงู„ุตู†ุงุฆุนุŒ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉุŒ ูุตู„ ููŠ ุจูŠุงู† ุฑูƒู† ุงู„ุชูˆูƒูŠู„ ุŒ ุฌูฆ ุตูขู ุŒ ุณุนูŠุฏ
ูˆุฃู…ุง ุจูŠุงู† ุฑูƒู† ุงู„ุชูˆูƒูŠู„ ูู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ูุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆูƒู„ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„: ” ูˆูƒู„ุชูƒ ุจูƒุฐุง ” ุฃูˆ ” ุงูุนู„ ูƒุฐุง ” ุฃูˆ ” ุฃุฐู†ุช ู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ูƒุฐุง ” ูˆู†ุญูˆู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„: ” ู‚ุจู„ุช ” ูˆู…ุง ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ู…ุฌุฑุงู‡ุŒ ูู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ู„ุง ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏุ› ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูˆ ูˆูƒู„ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุง ุจู‚ุจุถ ุฏูŠู†ู‡ ูุฃุจู‰ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุจู„ุŒ ุซู… ุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ูˆูƒูŠู„ ูู‚ุจุถู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุจุฑุฃ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠู…ุ› ู„ุฃู† ุชู…ุงู… ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุจุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠุฑุชุฏ ุจุงู„ุฑุฏ ู‚ุจู„ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑุŒ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุน ูˆู†ุญูˆู‡

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