Wiping over the glucose monitor for ghusl of a diabetic patient
Question:
Is there any scope for a person with a glucose monitor to simply wash the monitor and not the skin beneath it in ghusl? Or do they have to remove it for ghusl to be valid?
Answer:
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
As salāmu ‘alaykum wa rahmatullāhi wa barakātuh.
Both insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors (CGM) consist of a subcutaneous component covered by an adhesive to secure it in place and to protect the subcutaneous component. In the case of insulin pumps, the subcutaneous component is a needle or cannula that is used for insulin delivery. In the case of CGMs, the subcutaneous component is a sensor that monitors glucose in interstitial fluid. Both stay in place for multiple days (2-3 days for insulin pumps and 7-14 days for CGM sensors).
Performing Ghusl while Using an Insulin Pump or CGM Device
For Muslims, this raises a question regarding the validity of ghusl when using one of these devices. When performing ghusl, a person must wash his entire body[1]. However, the adhesive that secures the infusion set in place prevents water from reaching the underlying skin.
One could either remove the device entirely, which is costly, or temporarily uncover the skin by removing the adhesive. Removing the adhesive would be problematic for several reasons:
Temporarily removing the adhesive while leaving the needle in place increases the risk of infection at the site and the risk of hematoma/trauma due to movement of the subcutaneous portion.
This may cause malfunction of the subcutaneous portion, leading to device malfunction.[2]
The subcutaneous portion would be dislodged requiring the insertion of a new needle.
In these situations, the ‘ulamā have taken two approaches:
Dispensations in Cases of Great Difficulty (al-Ḥaraj)
Having to replace the insertion site prior to its normal expiration period leads to significant difficulty (e.g., prohibitive costs of multiple insertion sets, repeated discomfort of needle insertion, bruising, and infection). The Sharīʻah aims to prevent this type of difficulty (al-ḥaraj). Therefore, wiping over the infusion site would be permitted as mentioned above. In comparable situations, scholars have given similar rulings. For example, in the case of certain professions that unavoidably result in water impermeable substances getting stuck under one’s nails, such as leatherworkers and garment dyers.[3]
Comparison to Wiping Over an Injury
Wiping over the adhesive avoids the difficulty described above. This situation is comparable to a puncture wound with a foreign body remaining at the site of puncture. One would then apply an adhesive bandage over the wound and wipe over it. According to the Sharī`ah, a person may wipe over a bandage placed over a wound when removing the bandage would cause harm[4]. The wound may be accidentally or voluntary as in an incision or cauterization. In the query, the wound is self-inflicted for a medical need, i.e., the insulin delivery and glucose measurement.
Is There a Need for Insulin Pumps and CGMs?
The dispensation above only applies when a wound needs to be covered. If a person has an injury that will not be exacerbated or prolonged by the removal of the bandage during ghusl, then wiping over the bandage will not be permitted. This raises the question as to whether there is a medical necessity that would justify wiping over the insulin pump or CGM site in the first place.
For diabetics, maintaining glycemic control and preventing hypoglycemic episodes is a medical necessity. Improved glycemic control, with a goal HgbA1c<7 for most adult patients, has been shown to reduce the risk of micro- and macro-vascular complications and subsequent end-organ damage[5]. Prevention of hypoglycemia is necessary due to its potentially devastating consequences, such as brain death and fatal arrhythmias.[6]
Insulin dependent diabetic patients most commonly use multiple daily insulin injections for insulin delivery. Studies have not shown one method to be significantly superior to the other in glycemic control, although a recent systemic review and meta-analysis found that insulin pump therapy offered a slight decrease in HgbA1c and a reduction of hypoglycemic episodes.[7] However, the optimal choice is often dependent on the patient’s lifestyle and glycemic patterns. For example, insulin pump therapy can be of particular benefit in patients with variable insulin requirements, unpredictable schedules, and those who have not achieved glycemic goals with multiple daily injections[8]. If after consultation with one’s doctor or a diabetic care team, an insulin pump has been deemed the optimal choice, a Muslim may wipe over the insertion site during ghusl.
Studies have shown CGM’s to improve glycemic control in type 1 diabetics and to reduce episodes of hypoglycemia in comparison to traditional finger-stick blood glucose monitoring.[9] For most type 2 diabetics, studies have not shown as clear a benefit. However, CGM has been recommended for type 2 diabetics with multiple daily insulin injections, risk of hypoglycemia, or hypoglycemic unawareness.[10] Therefore, a Muslim with type 1 diabetes may wipe over their sensor insertion sites during ghusl, even if not prescribed by a doctor. On the other hand, a Muslim with type 2 diabetes should only do so if a CGM device is recommended by his doctor and diabetic care team.
Summary
- After consultation with a doctor or diabetic care team, a Muslim may wipe over an insulin pump insertion site during ghusl if it is deemed to be the optimal choice.
- A Muslim with type 1 diabetes may wipe over CGM sensor insertion sites during ghusl, even if not prescribed by a doctor.
- A Muslim with type 2 diabetes may wipe over CGM sensor insertion sites during ghusl only if recommended by a doctor or diabetic care team.
And Allah taʻālā knows best,
Maulana Mateen Khan, MD
Emergency Medicine Physician
New Jersey, USA
(muslimmed.org)
Checked and Approved by:
Mufti Faisal bin Abdul Hamīd al-Mahmudi
Darul Iftaa Canada (fatwa.ca)
[1] الأَصْلُ، أبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن بن فرقد الشيباني، دار ابن حزم (الشاملة)، ج1 ص19-20
أبو سليمان عن محمد، قال (9): قلت: أرأيت الرجل إذا أراد أن يغتسل من الجنابة كيف يغتسل؟ قال: يبدأ (10) فيُفرِغ على يديه (11) الماء (12) فيَغسلهما حتى يُنقيهما. ثم يُفرغ بيمينه (13) على شماله (14) فيَغسل فرجه حتى يُنقيه. ثم يتوضأ وضوءه للصلاة كما وصفتُ لك وضوء الصلاة غير رجليه. ثم يُفيض الماء على رأسه ولحيته وعلى سائر جسده، فيَغسل ذلك كله حتى يُنقيه. ثم يَتنحَّى فيَغسل قدميه.
[2] Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 367–370.
[3] الفتاوى الهندية، دار الفكر (الشاملة)، ج1 ص4
وفي الجامع الصغير سئل أبو القاسم عن وافر الظفر الذي يبقى في أظفاره الدرن أو الذي يعمل عمل الطين أو المرأة التي صبغت أصبعها بالحناء، أو الصرام، أو الصباغ قال كل ذلك سواء يجزيهم وضوءهم إذ لا يستطاع الامتناع عنه إلا بحرج والفتوى على الجواز من غير فصل بين المدني والقروي. كذا في الذخيرة وكذا الخباز إذا كان وافر الأظفار. كذا في الزاهدي ناقلا عن الجامع الأصغر.
البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق، زين الدين بن إبراهيم بن محمد ، دار الكتاب الإسلامي (الشاملة)، ج1 ص48.
وأما ركنه فهو إسالة الماء على جميع ما يمكن إسالته عليه من البدن من غير حرج مرة واحدة حتى لو بقيت لمعة لم يصبها الماء لم يجز الغسل، وإن كانت يسيرة لقوله تعالى {وإن كنتم جنبا فاطهروا} [المائدة: 6] أمر الله سبحانه وتعالى بالأطهر بضم الهاء؛ لأن أصله تطهر فأدغمت التاء في الطاء لقرب المخرج فجيء بحرف الوصل ليتوصل بها إلى النطق فصار اطهروا وبعض من لا خبرة له ولا دراية يقرأ بالاطهار وما ذاك إلا لحرمانه من العربية كذا في غاية البيان، وهو تطهير جميع البدن واسم البدن يقع على الظاهر والباطن إلا أن ما يتعذر إيصال الماء إليه خارج عن قضية النص، وكذا ما يتعسر؛ لأن المتعسر منفي كالمتعذر كداخل العينين
احسن الفتاوی، مفتی رشید احمد، ایچ ایم سعید کمپنی، 2:63
اور اگر کھولنا مضر نہیں مگر پلیستر عام مروج قیمت سے زیادہ گراں ملیگا یا قیمت تو زیادہ نہیں مگر تنگدستی کی وجہ سے خریدنے پر قدرت نہیں تو بھی مسح جائز ہے
[4] الاختيار لتعليل المختار، عبد الله بن محمود بن مودود الموصلي، دار تحقيق الكتاب، ج1 ص108
قال: (ويجوز) المسح (على الجبائر) وليس بفرض عند أبي حنيفة، وهو الصحيح حتى لو تركه من غير ضرر جاز. وقالا: لا يجوز. لهما ما روي «أن النبي – صلى الله عليه وسلم – أمر عليا حين كسرت زنده يوم أحد بالمسح عليها» ، وقياسا على الخف. وله أن المسح بدل عن الغسل ولا يجب غسل ما تحت الجبيرة لو ظهر بخلاف ما تحت الخف وحديث علي لا يوجب الفرضية لأنه خبر آحاد.
قال: (و) يجوز (إن شدها على غير وضوء) لأن في اعتباره حرجا، ولأن غسل ما تحتها سقط بخلاف ما تحت الخفين.
رد المحتار على الدر المختار، محمد أمين بن عمر بن عبد العزيز عابدين الدمشقي الحنفي، دار الفكر (الشاملة)، ج1 ص278
(وحكم مسح جبيرة) هي عيدان يجبر بها الكسر (وخرقة قرحة وموضع فصد) وكي (ونحو ذلك) كعصابة جراحة ولو برأسه (كغسل لما تحتها)
[5] Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020.
[6] J Clin Invest. 2007;117(4):868.
[7] Ann Intern Med 2012;157:336–347
[8] J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013;7: 1567–1574
[9] Lancet. 2018;391(10128):1367.
[10] Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S77.